Materials

Two types of scales are scales used in the project:

  1. The EmPA scale is an emic instrument which was developed based on interviews carried out in Turkey, Netherlands, and Poland. Two general sets of items are included in the scale’s structure:
    • Situation-related practices: Descriptions of five attachment related situations which mother and her middle age child can experience on the daily basis. These situations are related with child’s: distress (D); exploration (E); misbehavior (M); availability (A); prizing (P).
    • Attachment related parenting quality: A set of items covering occurrence of maternal behaviors in relation with her child related with: expression of positive and negative emotions; criticizing and complementing; control; overprotection ; and distanced, avoidant caregiving.
    • Maternal parenting practices and behaviors were collected during the interviews, analyzed and collated into common categories. Based on that the set of items with Likert scale was developed.
  1. The set of etic parenting and attachment scales well recognized and used already in previous attachment and parenting related studies (a list of etic scales can be downloaded from this webpage).

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